Good training is a key to entering the work force. So why do
many European countries have such high youth unemployment rates, despite
graduating many well-trained people? And why is Germany different?
By Hilmar Schneider, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
It is not especially surprising that the unemployment rate of young people in most countries is higher than general unemployment. But what stands out is how those rates compare across European countries. In countries like Spain, where youth unemployment was traditionally very high, it has skyrocketed to above 40 percent in the wake of the financial crisis.
In Germany, using the same method of calculation, the rate is around 10 percent and appears to have little to do with the economic crisis.
Regulation creates obstacles for youth
It also stands out that youth unemployment tends especially high in countries with the tightest restrictions in place on the job market. In places that offer workers strong protection against being fired, young people find it especially hard to gain a foothold in the work force. As long as they remain a blank slate in terms of work experience, few employers are willing to take a chance on letting in a bad employee who will be difficult to fire.
Those facts raise a clear question. Germany has a strongly regulated job market, so why is its youth unemployment so much lower than elsewhere?
The secret to success?
The answer lies in Germany's dual education system, which exists in the same form in just a few other countries like Austria and Switzerland. In Germany, more than half of each age-group graduate from dual training programs in which they simultaneously earn academic credentials along with gaining work experience, rather than attending classes alone like in many other countries.
This style of training brings future job applicants in closer contact with the job market and generates more reliability when it comes to qualification standards. It also offers a long period in which employers can get to know young employees, offering managers a relatively reliable insight into trainees' skills and potential for development. That limits employers' risks when taking on young workers.
The system functions so effectively that Germany's youth unemployment rate is lower than in countries with more open job market regulations. In Great Britain, for example, the rate is double that of Germany's, although the percentage of university degree-holders is also nearly double that of Germany.
Symbiosis
Without the dual training system, Germany's youth unemployment rate would likely be similar to that of France or Italy. It is the necessary answer to a strongly regulated job market. And without tight controls on firing workers, the dual training system probably would not exist because when companies have the ability to part with employees more or less at will, the risk of making bad personnel decisions becomes less weighty. The necessity of financing a costly internal training system evaporates. In Germany, job market regulations and the dual training system have apparently formed a fruitful symbiotic relationship.
But this model of success would likely be difficult to export. Since training programs are expensive for companies, those headquartered in countries with weak job market regulation will have little reason to introduce such programs on a large scale. But in countries that have tight labor laws, the initial costs of setting up such a system act as a major obstacle to creating a country-wide network of training options.
Criticism from the OECD
Regardless, the OECD never seems to tire of criticize Germany for investing too little in education. The country, it says, keeps falling behind when it comes to graduating more highly-trained young people. These figures rely primarily on measuring the number of people with college and graduate degrees as well as the percentage of public spending on education measured against GDP.
The OECD appears to overlook the evident danger in systems that emphasize theoretical or university-oriented training. They may educate their students with little concern for the demands of the marketplace. Examining educational spending as a percentage of GDP also creates a misleading picture. A significant proportion of Germany's education costs fall on the companies that operate training programs in contrast with countries in which the educational system assumes most of the responsibility for preparing young people to get jobs.
The value of educational programs lies not in their input but in their output. And Germany, with its dual training system, has little reason to be shy.
Author: Hilmar Schneider / gsw
Editor: Neil King
Dr. Hilmar Schneider is Director of Labor Policy at the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). His most important publications cover the labor market effects of replacement wages, the labor market perspectives of East Germany, the efficiency of active labor policy in the transformation process, and the welfare state perspectives of Europe.
It is not especially surprising that the unemployment rate of young people in most countries is higher than general unemployment. But what stands out is how those rates compare across European countries. In countries like Spain, where youth unemployment was traditionally very high, it has skyrocketed to above 40 percent in the wake of the financial crisis.
In Germany, using the same method of calculation, the rate is around 10 percent and appears to have little to do with the economic crisis.
Regulation creates obstacles for youth
It also stands out that youth unemployment tends especially high in countries with the tightest restrictions in place on the job market. In places that offer workers strong protection against being fired, young people find it especially hard to gain a foothold in the work force. As long as they remain a blank slate in terms of work experience, few employers are willing to take a chance on letting in a bad employee who will be difficult to fire.
Those facts raise a clear question. Germany has a strongly regulated job market, so why is its youth unemployment so much lower than elsewhere?
The secret to success?
The answer lies in Germany's dual education system, which exists in the same form in just a few other countries like Austria and Switzerland. In Germany, more than half of each age-group graduate from dual training programs in which they simultaneously earn academic credentials along with gaining work experience, rather than attending classes alone like in many other countries.
This style of training brings future job applicants in closer contact with the job market and generates more reliability when it comes to qualification standards. It also offers a long period in which employers can get to know young employees, offering managers a relatively reliable insight into trainees' skills and potential for development. That limits employers' risks when taking on young workers.
The system functions so effectively that Germany's youth unemployment rate is lower than in countries with more open job market regulations. In Great Britain, for example, the rate is double that of Germany's, although the percentage of university degree-holders is also nearly double that of Germany.
Symbiosis
Without the dual training system, Germany's youth unemployment rate would likely be similar to that of France or Italy. It is the necessary answer to a strongly regulated job market. And without tight controls on firing workers, the dual training system probably would not exist because when companies have the ability to part with employees more or less at will, the risk of making bad personnel decisions becomes less weighty. The necessity of financing a costly internal training system evaporates. In Germany, job market regulations and the dual training system have apparently formed a fruitful symbiotic relationship.
But this model of success would likely be difficult to export. Since training programs are expensive for companies, those headquartered in countries with weak job market regulation will have little reason to introduce such programs on a large scale. But in countries that have tight labor laws, the initial costs of setting up such a system act as a major obstacle to creating a country-wide network of training options.
Criticism from the OECD
Regardless, the OECD never seems to tire of criticize Germany for investing too little in education. The country, it says, keeps falling behind when it comes to graduating more highly-trained young people. These figures rely primarily on measuring the number of people with college and graduate degrees as well as the percentage of public spending on education measured against GDP.
The OECD appears to overlook the evident danger in systems that emphasize theoretical or university-oriented training. They may educate their students with little concern for the demands of the marketplace. Examining educational spending as a percentage of GDP also creates a misleading picture. A significant proportion of Germany's education costs fall on the companies that operate training programs in contrast with countries in which the educational system assumes most of the responsibility for preparing young people to get jobs.
The value of educational programs lies not in their input but in their output. And Germany, with its dual training system, has little reason to be shy.
Author: Hilmar Schneider / gsw
Editor: Neil King
Dr. Hilmar Schneider is Director of Labor Policy at the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). His most important publications cover the labor market effects of replacement wages, the labor market perspectives of East Germany, the efficiency of active labor policy in the transformation process, and the welfare state perspectives of Europe.
A new department at the German Federal Cartel Office has been
approved by the cabinet that would closely monitor fluctuations in gas
prices to look for signs of price manipulation. Not everyone is
convinced it will help.
The German cabinet announced measures on Wednesday that are meant to
keep an eye on high fluctuation in gas prices. The plan would require
Germany's 14,700 gas stations to give detailed information regarding
changes in the price of gas as well as the price at which they purchased
the gas from suppliers.
The government hopes to control abuse of gas prices, and hopes that by having detailed information it can spot irregularities sooner.
Oil industry representatives are against the measure, saying it creates a "bureaucratic monster."
Economics minister Philipp Rösler brushed aside this allegation.
"Of course I'm interested in protecting the economy as much as possible from unnecessary bureaucratic obstacles," he said, adding that the ups and downs of the gas prices were not comprehensible. "That's why we want to improve transparency and competition."
The head of the Association of the German Petroleum Industry, Klaus Picard, said in a statement on the association's website that the proposed administration would "not change a thing about the fact that gas prices are going up because oil prices are going up."
Clamping down or campaigning?
Monitoring of gas prices is meant to be administered by the Federal Cartel Office. Keeping tabs on prices is meant to make it easier for officials at the cartel office to discover abusive behaviors of the oil companies.
For consumers, a new Internet platform would enable them to directly compare prices of gas stations. Information regarding buying and selling prices would be provided once a week by the oil companies, but this would not be shared with the public.
Germany's automobile association, the ADAC, said the bill was "a step in the right direction" in achieving more transparency in the oil industry. But the Auto Club Europa, another German car association, saw the move as an "election maneuver."
Two states in Germany will hold elections on May 13, with the current federal coalition partners, the Christian Democrats and the Free Democrats, facing the prospect of losing ground in two more states in what has been a difficult year politically.
Hans-Josef Fell, the Green party's energy policy spokesman in parliament, was also against the measure.
"Instead of finally going after a policy that takes us away from petroleum," he said, "the government has significantly increased bureaucracy with this new department."
Now that the bill has cleared the cabinet, it must be approved by both chambers of the German parliament. This could happen by the end of the year. In addition to monitoring gas prices, the cost of energy and natural gas would be watched over in a similar fashion. The price monitoring is in accordance with European Union standards.
mz/tj (dpa, dapd, AFP, Reuters)
The government hopes to control abuse of gas prices, and hopes that by having detailed information it can spot irregularities sooner.
Oil industry representatives are against the measure, saying it creates a "bureaucratic monster."
Economics minister Philipp Rösler brushed aside this allegation.
"Of course I'm interested in protecting the economy as much as possible from unnecessary bureaucratic obstacles," he said, adding that the ups and downs of the gas prices were not comprehensible. "That's why we want to improve transparency and competition."
The head of the Association of the German Petroleum Industry, Klaus Picard, said in a statement on the association's website that the proposed administration would "not change a thing about the fact that gas prices are going up because oil prices are going up."
Clamping down or campaigning?
Monitoring of gas prices is meant to be administered by the Federal Cartel Office. Keeping tabs on prices is meant to make it easier for officials at the cartel office to discover abusive behaviors of the oil companies.
For consumers, a new Internet platform would enable them to directly compare prices of gas stations. Information regarding buying and selling prices would be provided once a week by the oil companies, but this would not be shared with the public.
Germany's automobile association, the ADAC, said the bill was "a step in the right direction" in achieving more transparency in the oil industry. But the Auto Club Europa, another German car association, saw the move as an "election maneuver."
Two states in Germany will hold elections on May 13, with the current federal coalition partners, the Christian Democrats and the Free Democrats, facing the prospect of losing ground in two more states in what has been a difficult year politically.
Hans-Josef Fell, the Green party's energy policy spokesman in parliament, was also against the measure.
"Instead of finally going after a policy that takes us away from petroleum," he said, "the government has significantly increased bureaucracy with this new department."
Now that the bill has cleared the cabinet, it must be approved by both chambers of the German parliament. This could happen by the end of the year. In addition to monitoring gas prices, the cost of energy and natural gas would be watched over in a similar fashion. The price monitoring is in accordance with European Union standards.
mz/tj (dpa, dapd, AFP, Reuters)
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